Company snapshot
| Category | Level3 | Pipe Network |
|---|---|---|
| Status | defunct | active |
| Founded | — | — |
| Headquarters | — | — |
| Website | — | — |
| Docs | — | — |
Overview
Level3, originally Level 3 Communications, was a multinational telecommunications and internet service provider that operated a global Tier-1 network and content delivery network (CDN) until its CDN services were discontinued in 2023. Acquired by CenturyLink (now Lumen Technologies) in 2017, it provided core transport, IP, voice, video, and content delivery for medium-to-large internet carriers. The CDN focused on video delivery, large object caching, and edge computing, serving clients across North America, Latin America, Europe, and parts of Asia. Level3’s CDN is no longer active, and its network assets are now managed under Lumen Technologies.
Pipe Network is a decentralized content delivery network (CDN) built on the Solana blockchain, designed to provide low-latency, high-quality media streaming. Founded in 2020 by David Rhodus, it leverages a network of over 280,000 permissionless Points of Presence (PoPs) operated by community contributors. The platform targets developers, content providers, and operators needing scalable, secure content delivery. It integrates with Solana’s high-throughput blockchain for efficient transaction handling and uses hyper-local nodes to reduce latency. Pipe Network’s Firestarter Storage, launched in July 2025, enhances its offerings by hosting Solana’s 1-petabyte Proof of History archive. Customers include decentralized storage platforms like Walrus Protocol, which uses Pipe for last-mile content delivery.
Network & Architecture
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Pipe Network operates a global network of over 280,000 hyper-local PoP nodes, deployable on any Linux-capable device, significantly reducing latency to single-digit milliseconds by placing nodes within 20–50 miles of end-users. Unlike traditional CDNs like Cloudflare or Akamai, which rely on centralized data centers, Pipe’s decentralized model uses residential, regional, and core aggregator nodes for tiered caching. It employs Solana’s blockchain for node coordination and zero-knowledge proofs (zkTCP/zkQUIC) for secure, verifiable delivery. The network excels in underserved regions, with strong coverage in rural areas like Mauritius. However, its decentralized nature may pose challenges for enterprise-grade SLAs in highly regulated markets.
Feature comparison
| Feature | Level3 | Pipe Network |
|---|---|---|
waf | ✗ | ✗ |
bot_mitigation | ✗ | ✗ |
ddos | ✓ | ✓ |
rate_limit | ✗ | ✗ |
http3_quic | ✗ | ✓ |
tls13 | ✗ | ✗ |
tiered_cache | ✗ | ✓ |
origin_shield | ✓ | ✗ |
instant_purge | ✓ | ✓ |
stale_while_revalidate | ✗ | ✗ |
stale_if_error | ✗ | ✗ |
image_optimization | ✓ | ✗ |
video_vod | ✓ | ✓ |
video_live | ✓ | ✓ |
drm | ✗ | ✗ |
hls_dash_packaging | ✗ | ✗ |
websockets | ✗ | ✗ |
signed_urls | ✗ | ✗ |
edge_compute | ✓ | ✓ |
functions | ✗ | ✓ |
kv_storage | ✗ | ✓ |
api_first | ✓ | ✓ |
realtime_logs | ✓ | ✓ |
log_push | ✗ | ✗ |
terraform | ✗ | ✓ |
Legend: ✓ = Supported, ✗ = Not supported, — = Not listed
Pricing
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Pipe Network uses a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) model, with pricing tied to its $PIPE token. Firestarter Storage costs 1 $PIPE per gigabyte for the basic tier at token launch. A token sale from June 26 to July 3, 2025, offered 15,000,000 $PIPE tokens at $0.20 each. No free tier or committed contract details are publicly specified, but the burn-mint equilibrium model incentivizes node operators with rewards based on bandwidth served. Pricing details are available at https://pipe.network/pricing.[](https://web3.bitget.com/en/dapp/pipe-network-27065)[](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pipe-firestarter-storage-launches-making-200500271.html)
Integrations & DevEx
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Pipe Network supports Terraform for infrastructure-as-code (IaC) deployments and provides a public SDK with REST, gRPC APIs, and CLI helpers, set for release in summer 2025. Pipe-Box, a server rack appliance, enables network communication behind secure firewalls. Real-time logs are available, aiding developers in monitoring performance. Integration with Solana ensures efficient transaction handling, while partnerships with platforms like Shelby and Walrus Protocol enhance decentralized storage and content delivery. Migration tools are not explicitly documented, but the platform mimics Akamai APIs for easier integration.
When it fits
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- Ideal for decentralized apps (dApps) and blockchain-based projects needing low-latency content delivery on Solana.
- Suits video streaming and AI inference workloads requiring hyper-local nodes and scalable storage, like Firestarter Storage.
- Fits developers seeking cost-effective, API-first CDN solutions with Terraform support and edge compute capabilities.
When it doesn’t
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- Less suitable for enterprises requiring strict regulatory compliance or guaranteed SLAs, due to its decentralized model.
- Not ideal for regions with limited Solana blockchain adoption or where node operator density is low.
- May not meet needs of users prioritizing traditional CDN features like advanced WAF or DRM, which Pipe lacks.
History & Notes
Level3 was a major player in the CDN market, leveraging its Tier-1 network to deliver high-performance content delivery, particularly for video and large files. Its acquisition of companies like Genuity, WilTel, and TW Telecom expanded its footprint, but the 2017 merger with CenturyLink shifted focus to broader network services. The CDN’s shutdown in 2023 was part of Lumen’s strategic pivot, though specific reasons for discontinuation were not publicly detailed. Some network assets may still support Lumen’s non-CDN services.
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